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The main objective of the present study was to explore the ability and potential of DNA based techniques for timber tracing to its origin and species identification. DNA markers are specific features that make them or less useful in terms of tracing timber. Some markers are universal, meaning that they amplify across species while others are species-specific, and can be used only for one species. Isolation of DNA from timber samples for genotyping purposes is difficult. The most important part of the wood is the central part, i.e. the heartwood, which consists of dead cells with partly degraded DNA and that too occurring only in low concentrations. Tracing the geographic origin of wood samples requires a priory sampling and genotyping of reference populations throughout the distribution area of the target species.
The tracing geographical origin of timber is highly dependent on sample size, number of polymorphic markers, and the genetical variations in the reference populations. Even though it may be difficult to track down individuals to their origin based only on DNA marker informations, the technique can to be potentially useful for controlling purposes. DNA markers with high polymorphism can also serve as forensic evidences in cases of suspected timber logs by comparing the genotypes of both logs and stumps to determine the origin of suspected timber.
Another interesting applied aspect of DNA fingerprinting is to develop a DNA based genomic library from sustainably logged areas. In future, any wood sample can be examined and compared with the DNA database available in the library to confirm the origin of wood. It may help in controlling illicit felling of timber trees.
Keeping into consideration the above facts, this paper describes the procedure and outcome of the investigations carried out in the molecular laboratory of the State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur for evolving a suitable DNA fingerprinting technology for determination of origin of wood with special reference to Tectona grandis.
DNA fingerprinting, polymorphic markers, genotyping, genomic library.
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